The importance of this last point cannot be overstated! Nature has selected for a robust capacity of nervous systems to accurately reflect one of the principal physical laws that govern the real world: cause and effect. The stable formation of a memory trace, such that an accurate record of cause-and-effect relationships is available for future reference, provides such a pronounced competitive advantage that this form of learning is typically quite vigorous. Stated another way, associative learning allows the neural encoding of cause-and-effect relationships. This type of learning is profoundly important for survival in any natural environment, and for this reason has been robustly selected for in animal evolution. In associative learning an animal learns the predictive value of one stimulus for another, in Pavlov’s example the reliability of a tone for predicting a subsequent food presentation. Repeated pairings of an auditory cue with food causes the animal to learn the predictive value of one for the other. Pavlovian associative conditioning of the canine salivary response. The bell-elicited salivation was termed the conditioned response, and correspondingly the bell tone was termed the conditioned stimulus ( Figure 13).įigure 13. Over time the dog would form an association between the bell and the food, and Pavlov found that the bell alone would ultimately cause a salivatory response just like the food did. Pavlov’s breakthrough realization, which he subsequently rigorously documented and studied, was that he could train dogs to associate a neutral stimulus, such as the ringing of a bell, with the food stimulus. This is a natural response, of course, and this salivation is referred to as the unconditioned response, and correspondingly the food stimulus is referred to as the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov knew, as does anyone that has ever owned a dog, that when a dog is presented with a food stimulus a strong salivatory response is elicited (see Figure 13). Pavlov and his co-workers studied associative conditioning of the salivary response of dogs-studies indeed so classic that the terms classical conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning are now used synonymously with associative conditioning. Helped organize psychology in the united states, established first psychology research lab in u.s, founded American psychological association, received first Ph.d in psych in AmericaĬompleted all requirements for ph.An important set of nomenclature in this area arose out of the pioneering work of Ivan Pavlov ( Figure 12). Harvard professtor, established psychology in the u.s, published book called principles of psychology, ideas became basis of functionalism whish studied adaptive and practical functions of human behavior German physiologist founder of new science of psych, established first psych research lab in germany, had titchener as a student who founded structuralismĮarly school of psychology that emphasized studying the most basic components, or structures, of conscious experiencesĮarly school of psychology that emphasized studying the purpose or function of behavior and mental experiences The scientific study of behavior and mental processes The creator of structuralism, this person trained subjects in a procedure called introspection The theory stressed the importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environmentsĭeveloped a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth The physiologist pioneered work in the area of behavioral psychology by using dogs to demonstrate learning with a neutral stimulus and automatic behavior this holds that even our most complex conscious experiences can be broken down into parts of sensations and feelingsĭeveloped a theory of personality based on uncovering cause of behavior that were unconscious The first major school of thought in psychology. Interpersonal relationships, self esteem, and the importance of self-direction and striving to reach one's potential all play a role in this psychological perspectiveĪ look at how cultural factors influence patterns of behaviorĪpplication of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomenaĮmphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personalityĬredited with founding psych as an experimental science, this person made connections between physiology and psychologyĪ proponent of functionalism, this person was instrumental in establishing psychology in the us. Psychology should focus on observable/overt behaviors and the fundamental laws of learning The study of how mental processes influence behavior This perspective includes analysis of our chemical and genetic make up
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